PTSD and trauma explained: signs and treatment

Condition information

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a recognised psychological response to an event that overwhelmed your ability to cope. EMDR, trauma-focused CBT and Cognitive Processing Therapy all have strong research support.

Common experiences

Intrusive memories, flashbacks or nightmares of the event
Avoidance of reminders: places, people, conversations
Hypervigilance: feeling ‘on edge’, startled easily
Difficulty trusting others or feeling safe
Numbness, emotional flatness, dissociation
Sleep disturbance: insomnia, nightmares
Difficulty concentrating or remembering

Clinical notes

Australian context: About 12% of Australians experience PTSD in their lifetime. Source.

Clinical coding reference: DSM-5: 309.81 · ICD-11: 6B40

This page is general information only. It is not a diagnosis or personal medical advice. A registered psychologist or doctor can help work out what is happening in your situation.

Questions people often ask

Do I need to talk about the trauma in detail?

Not necessarily. EMDR specifically doesn’t require talking through the trauma in detail. Other approaches like CPT use written exposure. Your psychologist will choose an approach that’s clinically effective and tolerable for you.

What’s the difference between PTSD and complex PTSD?

Complex PTSD develops from prolonged or repeated trauma (often in childhood or relationships). It involves PTSD symptoms plus difficulties with emotional regulation, self-concept, and relationships. Treatment is similar but typically longer and more structured.

Is EMDR supported by research?

Yes. EMDR is recommended by the WHO, the APA, and Australia’s NHMRC as a first-line treatment for PTSD. Multiple randomised controlled trials show outcomes comparable to trauma-focused CBT.

Can I see a clinician without re-traumatising myself?

Yes. The first sessions focus on building safety, stabilisation skills, and the therapeutic relationship, not on processing trauma. Active trauma work begins only when you and your clinician agree you’re ready.