Signs & Symptoms

While ADHD begins in childhood and symptoms typically improve as children get older, about 15% continue to have ADHD as adults.

The primary symptoms of ADHD fall into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. According to the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), these symptoms include:

Inattention

• Difficulty sustaining attention and concentration
• Easily distracted by external stimuli
• Frequent forgetfulness and disorganization
• Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained mental effort
• Losing or misplacing belongings

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

• Fidgeting or restlessness
• Excessive talking or interrupting others
• Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly
• Acting without considering consequences
• Inability to wait or take turns

Based on the predominant symptom presentation, ADHD can be classified into three subtypes:

1. Predominantly Inattentive: Characterised primarily by inattention symptoms.
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: Characterised primarily by hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms.
3. Combined Presentation: Significant symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

For a diagnosis of ADHD, symptoms must be present before the age of 12, persist for at least six months, and cause significant impairment in multiple settings (e.g., home, school, work).

Causes

ADHD is a complex disorder with no single cause. Instead, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors.

Genetic Factors

ADHD tends to run in families, and studies have identified several genes that may contribute to the disorder. Australian children with ADHD are more likely to have a parent or sibling with the condition.^[1]

Neurobiological Factors

Neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional differences in certain brain regions involved in attention, impulse control, and executive functioning in individuals with ADHD.^[2] These include differences in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

Environmental Factors

Various environmental factors during pregnancy and early childhood may increase the risk of developing ADHD in Australia, including:

• Maternal smoking, alcohol or substance use during pregnancy
• Premature birth or low birth weight
• Exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., lead)
• Traumatic brain injury or illness affecting brain development
• Lack of early nurturing or stimulation

ADHD Assessment & Diagnosis

While this page focuses on treatment and ongoing support, accurate diagnosis is the first step towards effective ADHD management. Our comprehensive ADHD assessment services provide thorough evaluation using gold-standard tools.

Assessment Features:

• Comprehensive testing battery including DIVA-5, Conners 4, CPT-3
• Detailed reports for schools, workplaces, and healthcare providers
• NDIS assessment and planning support
• Same-week appointments available

Who Needs Assessment:

• Children with attention or behavioural concerns
• Adults seeking answers for lifelong challenges
• NDIS participants requiring diagnostic evidence
• Those needing updated assessments for support planning

Learn more about our ADHD assessment process →

When to Seek ADHD Treatment

Children & Adolescents

Consider seeking support when ADHD symptoms significantly impact:

• Academic performance despite adequate ability
• Social relationships and peer interactions
• Family functioning and daily routines
• Self-esteem and emotional wellbeing
• Behaviour at home, school, or community settings

Adults

Adult ADHD treatment may be beneficial when experiencing:

• Chronic work performance difficulties
• Relationship challenges and communication problems
• Ongoing organisation and time management struggles
• Emotional dysregulation affecting daily life
• Feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities and tasks

Early Intervention Benefits

Research consistently shows that early, comprehensive intervention leads to better long-term outcomes including:

• Improved academic and work performance
• Better social relationships and family functioning
• Enhanced self-esteem and confidence
• Reduced risk of secondary mental health issues
• Greater independence and life satisfaction

Co-Occurring Conditions

ADHD frequently occurs alongside other conditions, which our comprehensive approach addresses:

Common Co-Occurrences:

• Anxiety disorders (up to 50% of people with ADHD)
• Learning difficulties (20-30% prevalence)
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (increasing recognition of co-occurrence)
• Depression and mood disorders
• Sleep disorders and difficulties

Integrated Treatment Approach: Our clinicians are experienced in addressing multiple conditions simultaneously, ensuring comprehensive care that considers all aspects of functioning and wellbeing.

Getting Started with ADHD Treatment

Step 1: Initial Consultation

Begin with a comprehensive consultation to understand your specific needs, challenges, and goals. We’ll explore your history, current functioning, and previous interventions to develop a personalised treatment plan.

Step 2: Assessment (if needed)

If you don’t have a current ADHD diagnosis, we can arrange comprehensive assessment services to provide accurate diagnosis and detailed recommendations.

Step 3: Treatment Planning

Based on your needs and goals, we’ll develop an individualised treatment plan that may include:

• Individual therapy and coaching
• Family or parent support
• School or workplace consultation
• Group programs and skills training
• NDIS planning and coordination

Step 4: Ongoing Support & Progress Monitoring

Regular review sessions ensure your treatment remains effective and adapts to changing needs. We provide ongoing support for plan reviews, transitions, and new challenges.

Tips to Manage ADHD

1. Decrease distractions

Set up your workspace to be free from distraction – away from the door (where people come and go), away from the window (and distractions outside), and make sure your workspace is free from clutter, electronic media, and other distractions.

2. Get organised

Use time management and organisational strategies to streamline your day. To help get more organised, you can:

• set goals
• write to-do lists, and use these to plan and prioritise tasks for the day
• use a diary and set reminders for jobs that need doing
• group similar tasks that can be done together.

3. Break tasks down into smaller chunks

Smaller tasks are easier to complete, easier to organise and are less overwhelming. They are also more easily done while your mind is fresh and before your concentration wanes.

4. Include breaks in activities and tasks

Breaks after work is completed can help you to refocus on the next task.

5. Use problem-solving

Effective problem-solving includes defining a problem you want to work on, brainstorming solutions, selecting a solution and trying it out, and reviewing the outcome.

Treatment

ADHD is a chronic condition, and effective management often involves a combination of strategies tailored to the individual’s needs. Common treatment approaches include:

Medication

Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and dexamphetamine (Dexedrine), are commonly prescribed in Australia to improve attention, focus, and impulse control in individuals with ADHD. Non-stimulant medications, like atomoxetine (Strattera), may also be used in certain cases.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can help individuals with ADHD develop skills for managing symptoms, improving organisation and time management, and addressing associated emotional and behavioural challenges.

Behavioural Interventions

Parent training and classroom interventions can help establish structured environments and consistent routines to support individuals with ADHD in Australia. Strategies may include reward systems, visual schedules, and accommodations for learning or workplace settings.

Educational Support

Individualised education plans (IEPs) can provide accommodations and support services for students with ADHD in educational settings, such as extra time on tests, preferential seating, or assistance with organisation.

Lifestyle Modifications

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, proper nutrition, and adequate sleep, can help manage ADHD symptoms. Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and relaxation strategies, may also be beneficial.

NDIS Support

Individuals with ADHD may be eligible for support under the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) in Australia. The NDIS can provide funding for various services and supports, including psychological interventions, occupational therapy, and assistive technology, to help manage the impacts of ADHD and improve daily functioning.

→ For information about NDIS Psychology Services at Mind Health click here.

With proper treatment and support, individuals with ADHD in Australia can develop strategies to manage their symptoms and lead successful lives.

Frequently Asked Questions

What’s the difference between ADHD assessment and ADHD treatment?
ADHD assessment provides diagnosis and understanding of your specific ADHD presentation. Treatment focuses on developing practical strategies and skills to manage symptoms and improve daily functioning.

How long does ADHD treatment take?
Treatment duration varies based on individual needs and goals. Some people benefit from short-term skill-building (10-20 sessions), while others prefer ongoing support. We regularly review progress and adjust treatment plans accordingly.

Can adults receive ADHD treatment?
Absolutely! Our adult psychology services include specialised ADHD interventions focusing on work performance, relationships, and life management skills.

Is ADHD treatment covered by NDIS?
Yes, ADHD treatment can be funded through NDIS under capacity building categories when ADHD significantly impacts daily functioning and community participation.

Do you work with schools?
Yes, we provide school consultation, attend meetings, help develop Individual Education Plans, and train teachers in ADHD management strategies when beneficial for the student.

What if my child has other conditions alongside ADHD?
We specialise in comprehensive care addressing multiple conditions simultaneously, including anxiety, learning difficulties, and autism.

References

[1]: Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., … & Franke, B. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 789-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

[2]: Silk, T. J., Malpas, C., Beare, R., Adamson, C., Vilgis, V., Veluri, R., … & Vance, A. (2019). Brain abnormalities in ADHD: A window into clinical aspects and invivo pathology of the disorder. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 6(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-019-00167-8

For more information and additional references, please consult reputable sources such as the ADHD Australia or the ADHD Foundation.

ADHD Centre, Helpline: 02 9889 5977
The helpline is happy to take call from anywhere within Australia and is open Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday between 10:30am and 4:30pm AEST